op amp

Download Tips Tutorial

Op Amp Applications Handbook, 2005

July 14, 2023

Toni

“Unlock the Power of Op Amps with the Analog.com Op Amp Applications Handbook!” The Analog.com Op Amp Applications Handbook, 2005 ...

body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--contrast: var(--contrast);--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: var(--contrast-2);--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: var(--contrast-3);--wp--preset--color--base: var(--base);--wp--preset--color--base-2: var(--base-2);--wp--preset--color--base-3: var(--base-3);--wp--preset--color--accent: var(--accent);--wp--preset--color--global-color-8: var(--global-color-8);--wp--preset--color--global-color-9: var(--global-color-9);--wp--preset--color--global-color-10: var(--global-color-10);--wp--preset--color--global-color-11: var(--global-color-11);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)}@media all{body,figure,h1,h3,h4,h6,html,li,ol,p,ul{margin:0;padding:0;border:0}html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}main{display:block}html{box-sizing:border-box}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:inherit}button,input,select{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}body,button,input,select{font-family:-apple-system,system-ui,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol";font-weight:400;text-transform:none;font-size:17px;line-height:1.5}p{margin-bottom:1.5em}h1,h3,h4,h6{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit}h1{font-size:42px;margin-bottom:20px;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:400;text-transform:none}h3{font-size:29px;margin-bottom:20px;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:400;text-transform:none}h4{font-size:24px}h4,h6{margin-bottom:20px}ol,ul{margin:0 0 1.5em 3em}ul{list-style:disc}ol{list-style:decimal}li>ul{margin-bottom:0;margin-left:1.5em}strong{font-weight:700}figure{margin:0}img{height:auto;max-width:100%}button{background:#55555e;color:#fff;border:1px solid transparent;-webkit-appearance:button;padding:10px 20px}input[type=search],select{border:1px solid;border-radius:0;padding:10px 15px;max-width:100%}a{text-decoration:none}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.main-navigation{z-index:100;padding:0;clear:both;display:block}.main-navigation a{display:block;text-decoration:none;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;font-size:15px}.main-navigation ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding-left:0}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;line-height:60px}.inside-navigation{position:relative}.main-navigation .inside-navigation{display:flex;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between}.main-navigation .main-nav>ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}.main-navigation li{position:relative}.main-navigation .menu-bar-items{display:flex;align-items:center;font-size:15px}.main-navigation .menu-bar-items a{color:inherit}.main-navigation .menu-bar-item{position:relative}.main-navigation .menu-bar-item.search-item{z-index:20}.main-navigation .menu-bar-item>a{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;line-height:60px}.main-navigation ul ul{display:block;box-shadow:1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);float:left;position:absolute;left:-99999px;opacity:0;z-index:99999;width:200px;text-align:left;top:auto;height:0;overflow:hidden}.main-navigation ul ul a{display:block}.main-navigation ul ul li{width:100%}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{line-height:normal;padding:10px 20px;font-size:14px}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children>a{padding-right:0;position:relative}.menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{display:inline-block;height:100%;clear:both;padding-right:20px;padding-left:10px}.site-header{position:relative}.inside-header{padding:20px 40px}.site-logo{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.site-header .header-image{vertical-align:middle}.inside-header{display:flex;align-items:center}.nav-float-right #site-navigation{margin-left:auto}.site-content{word-wrap:break-word}object{max-width:100%}.site-content{display:flex}.grid-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1200px}.site-main>*{margin-bottom:20px}.one-container.right-sidebar .site-main{margin-right:40px}.one-container .site-content{padding:40px}.one-container .site-main>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gp-icon{display:inline-flex;align-self:center}.gp-icon svg{height:1em;width:1em;top:.125em;position:relative;fill:currentColor}.icon-menu-bars svg:nth-child(2),.icon-search svg:nth-child(2){display:none}.container.grid-container{width:auto}.menu-toggle{display:none}.menu-toggle{padding:0 20px;line-height:60px;margin:0;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;font-size:15px}.menu-toggle .mobile-menu{padding-left:3px}.menu-toggle .gp-icon+.mobile-menu{padding-left:9px}button.menu-toggle{background-color:transparent;flex-grow:1;border:0;text-align:center}.has-menu-bar-items button.menu-toggle{flex-grow:0}.mobile-menu-control-wrapper{display:none;margin-left:auto;align-items:center}@media (max-width:768px){.inside-header{flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.site-content{flex-direction:column}.container .site-content .content-area{width:auto}.is-right-sidebar.sidebar{width:auto;order:initial}#main{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}body:not(.no-sidebar) #main{margin-bottom:0}}}body{background-color:var(--base-3);color:var(--contrast)}a{color:var(--accent)}.main-navigation a{text-decoration:none}.grid-container{max-width:1220px}.navigation-search{position:absolute;left:-99999px;visibility:hidden;z-index:20;width:100%;top:0;opacity:0}.navigation-search input[type="search"]{outline:0;border:0;vertical-align:bottom;line-height:1;opacity:0.9;width:100%;z-index:20;border-radius:0;-webkit-appearance:none;height:60px}.navigation-search input::-ms-clear{display:none;width:0;height:0}.navigation-search input::-ms-reveal{display:none;width:0;height:0}.navigation-search input::-webkit-search-decoration,.navigation-search input::-webkit-search-cancel-button,.navigation-search input::-webkit-search-results-button,.navigation-search input::-webkit-search-results-decoration{display:none}:root{--contrast:#222222;--contrast-2:#575760;--contrast-3:#b2b2be;--base:#f0f0f0;--base-2:#f7f8f9;--base-3:#ffffff;--accent:#0C4767;--global-color-8:#566E3D;--global-color-9:#B9A44C;--global-color-10:#FE9920;--global-color-11:#FA7921}body,button,input,select{font-family:Rubik,sans-serif}h1{text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.2em}h3{font-weight:500;text-transform:capitalize;font-size:30px}h6{font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1em;margin-bottom:13px}h4{font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:19px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:0px}.site-header{background-color:var(--base-2)}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:var(--contrast)}.navigation-search input[type="search"]{color:var(--accent)}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:var(--base)}.one-container .container{background-color:var(--base-3)}input[type="search"],select{color:var(--contrast);background-color:var(--base-2);border-color:var(--base)}button{color:#ffffff;background-color:#55555e}:root{--gp-search-modal-bg-color:var(--base-3);--gp-search-modal-text-color:var(--contrast);--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2)}@media (max-width:768px){.one-container .site-content{padding:30px}.inside-header{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px}}.is-right-sidebar{width:30%}.site-content .content-area{width:70%}@media (max-width:768px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle{display:block}.main-navigation ul,.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation):not(.toggled) .main-nav>ul,.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation .inside-navigation>*:not(.navigation-search):not(.main-nav){display:none}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .mobile-menu-control-wrapper{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .inside-header{flex-direction:row;text-align:left;flex-wrap:wrap}.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation{flex-basis:100%}}@media all{}.gb-container-04da9225>.gb-inside-container{max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-25284f83{width:75%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-25284f83>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-8c11c351{text-align:right}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-8c11c351{width:25%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-8c11c351>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-ba3d87b1>.gb-inside-container{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.gb-container-3a29d203{color:var(--contrast);min-height:300px}.gb-container-3a29d203>.gb-inside-container{z-index:1;position:relative}.gb-container-3a29d203 a,.gb-container-3a29d203 a:visited{color:var(--contrast)}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-3a29d203{width:50%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-3a29d203>.gb-container{justify-content:flex-end;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-d0a86651{color:var(--contrast)}.gb-container-d0a86651>.gb-inside-container{max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.gb-container-d0a86651 a{color:var(--contrast)}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-847a4203{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-847a4203>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-bcbc46ac{text-align:center;border-top:3px solid var(--accent-2)}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-bcbc46ac{width:60%;flex-basis:calc(100% - 75px)}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-bcbc46ac>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-4fc67d38{width:20%;flex-basis:75px}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-4fc67d38>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-194dc000{border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:var(--global-color-8)}.gb-container-e224c1dd{background-color:var(--base-2)}.gb-container-e224c1dd>.gb-inside-container{padding:40px 20px;max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.gb-container-4068688a{margin-top:60px;margin-bottom:60px;border-top:1px solid #5c7a99;border-bottom:1px solid #5c7a99}.gb-container-4068688a>.gb-inside-container{padding:60px 20px;max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.gb-container-12d457ad>.gb-inside-container{padding:0 20px}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-12d457ad{width:32%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-12d457ad>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-68ec175a{border-right:1px solid #5c7a99;border-left:1px solid #5c7a99}.gb-container-68ec175a>.gb-inside-container{padding:0 20px}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-68ec175a{width:36%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-68ec175a>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-47f78435>.gb-inside-container{padding:0 20px}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-47f78435{width:32%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-47f78435>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-cc32f783>.gb-inside-container{padding:0}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-cc32f783{width:50%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-cc32f783>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-container-b706d851>.gb-inside-container{padding:0}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-b706d851{width:50%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-b706d851>.gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper-d82504eb{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.gb-grid-wrapper-d82504eb>.gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box}.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:flex-start;margin-left:-20px}.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d>.gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:20px;padding-bottom:40px}.gb-grid-wrapper-e588d128{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;margin-left:-10px}.gb-grid-wrapper-e588d128>.gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:10px;padding-bottom:20px}.gb-grid-wrapper-b3929361{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.gb-grid-wrapper-690686fb{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}.gb-grid-wrapper-690686fb>.gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:0px}.gb-grid-wrapper-424f95c0{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:-30px}.gb-grid-wrapper-424f95c0>.gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:30px}h6.gb-headline-c66a2b1e{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase}h3.gb-headline-1032a3b9{font-size:18px;margin-bottom:5px}div.gb-headline-897f85e5{font-size:13px;text-transform:capitalize;display:inline-block}div.gb-headline-b9cbe678{font-size:13px;text-transform:lowercase;padding-left:1em;display:inline-block}div.gb-headline-682093c1{font-size:13px;text-transform:capitalize;display:inline-block}p.gb-headline-251bd4df{margin-bottom:0px}p.gb-headline-1e50faeb{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0px}.gb-block-image-628deb9f{margin-bottom:13px}.gb-image-628deb9f{width:100%;height:280px;object-fit:cover;vertical-align:middle}.gb-button-wrapper{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;clear:both}.gb-button-wrapper-c617e1fe{justify-content:center}.gb-button-wrapper-fd601b43{justify-content:center;margin-bottom:0px}.gb-button-wrapper-b4f65930{justify-content:flex-end}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:14px;text-align:center;color:var(--accent-2);text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95 .gb-icon{line-height:0;padding-left:0.5em}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95 .gb-icon svg{width:1em;height:1em;fill:currentColor}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6 .gb-icon{line-height:0}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9 .gb-icon{line-height:0}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38 .gb-icon{line-height:0}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5 .gb-icon{line-height:0}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b .gb-icon{line-height:0}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9 .gb-icon{line-height:0}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-373aae0d{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;margin-right:30px;text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3cd1cf71{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;margin-right:30px;text-decoration:none}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5e9a90f4{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}@media (min-width:1025px){.gb-grid-wrapper>div.gb-grid-column-847a4203{padding-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:1024px){.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d>.gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:40px}.gb-grid-wrapper-b3929361{margin-left:-20px}}@media (max-width:767px){.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-25284f83{width:100%}.gb-container-8c11c351{text-align:left}.gb-container-8c11c351>.gb-inside-container{padding-bottom:40px}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-8c11c351{width:100%}.gb-container-ba3d87b1>.gb-inside-container{padding-top:0}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-3a29d203{width:100%}.gb-container-d0a86651{text-align:center}.gb-container-d0a86651>.gb-inside-container{padding-top:40px}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-847a4203{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>div.gb-grid-column-847a4203{padding-bottom:0}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-bcbc46ac{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-4fc67d38{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-12d457ad{width:100%}.gb-container-68ec175a{border:0px solid #5c7a99}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-68ec175a{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-47f78435{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>div.gb-grid-column-47f78435{padding-bottom:0}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-cc32f783{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>.gb-grid-column-b706d851{width:100%}.gb-grid-wrapper>div.gb-grid-column-b706d851{padding-bottom:0}.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d>.gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:40px}.gb-grid-wrapper-690686fb>.gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:40px}.gb-grid-wrapper-424f95c0>.gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:30px}h4.gb-headline-9e06b5e3{text-align:left}p.gb-headline-1e50faeb{text-align:center}.gb-image-628deb9f{width:100%;height:240px;object-fit:cover}.gb-button-wrapper-b4f65930{justify-content:center}}.lazyload{background-image:none!important}.lazyload:before{background-image:none!important}#amp-mobile-version-switcher{left:0;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:100}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a{background-color:#444;border:0;color:#eaeaea;display:block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;padding:15px 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}@media (min-width:768px){.sticky-container>.gb-inside-container,.sticky-container{position:sticky;top:80px}#right-sidebar .inside-right-sidebar{height:100%}}select#wp-block-categories-1{width:100%} .elementor-post__card a.elementor-post__thumbnail__link img {position: absolute;}body {visibility: visible;font-family: sans-serif;}html {height: 0;}img {height: auto;width: auto;} .wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item} /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--contrast: var(--contrast);--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: var(--contrast-2);--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: var(--contrast-3);--wp--preset--color--base: var(--base);--wp--preset--color--base-2: var(--base-2);--wp--preset--color--base-3: var(--base-3);--wp--preset--color--accent: var(--accent);--wp--preset--color--global-color-8: var(--global-color-8);--wp--preset--color--global-color-9: var(--global-color-9);--wp--preset--color--global-color-10: var(--global-color-10);--wp--preset--color--global-color-11: var(--global-color-11);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} div#ez-toc-container .ez-toc-title {font-size: 120%;}div#ez-toc-container .ez-toc-title {font-weight: 500;}div#ez-toc-container ul li {font-size: 95%;}div#ez-toc-container ul li {font-weight: 500;}div#ez-toc-container nav ul ul li {font-size: 90%;} .ez-toc-container-direction {direction: ltr;}.ez-toc-counter ul{counter-reset: item ;}.ez-toc-counter nav ul li a::before {content: counters(item, ".", decimal) ". ";display: inline-block;counter-increment: item;flex-grow: 0;flex-shrink: 0;margin-right: .2em; float: left; }.ez-toc-widget-direction {direction: ltr;}.ez-toc-widget-container ul{counter-reset: item ;}.ez-toc-widget-container nav ul li a::before {content: counters(item, ".", decimal) ". ";display: inline-block;counter-increment: item;flex-grow: 0;flex-shrink: 0;margin-right: .2em; float: left; } body{background-color:var(--base-3);color:var(--contrast);}a{color:var(--accent);}a:hover, a:focus{text-decoration:underline;}.entry-title a, .site-branding a, a.button, .wp-block-button__link, .main-navigation a{text-decoration:none;}a:hover, a:focus, a:active{color:var(--contrast);}.grid-container{max-width:1220px;}.wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.generate-back-to-top{font-size:20px;border-radius:3px;position:fixed;bottom:30px;right:30px;line-height:40px;width:40px;text-align:center;z-index:10;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;opacity:0.1;transform:translateY(1000px);}.generate-back-to-top__show{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}.navigation-search{position:absolute;left:-99999px;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;z-index:20;width:100%;top:0;transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out;opacity:0;}.navigation-search.nav-search-active{left:0;right:0;pointer-events:auto;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.navigation-search input[type="search"]{outline:0;border:0;vertical-align:bottom;line-height:1;opacity:0.9;width:100%;z-index:20;border-radius:0;-webkit-appearance:none;height:60px;}.navigation-search input::-ms-clear{display:none;width:0;height:0;}.navigation-search input::-ms-reveal{display:none;width:0;height:0;}.navigation-search input::-webkit-search-decoration, .navigation-search input::-webkit-search-cancel-button, .navigation-search input::-webkit-search-results-button, .navigation-search input::-webkit-search-results-decoration{display:none;}.gen-sidebar-nav .navigation-search{top:auto;bottom:0;}:root{--contrast:#222222;--contrast-2:#575760;--contrast-3:#b2b2be;--base:#f0f0f0;--base-2:#f7f8f9;--base-3:#ffffff;--accent:#0C4767;--global-color-8:#566E3D;--global-color-9:#B9A44C;--global-color-10:#FE9920;--global-color-11:#FA7921;}:root .has-contrast-color{color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-2-color{color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-3-color{color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-base-color{color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-background-color{background-color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-2-color{color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-2-background-color{background-color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-3-color{color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-base-3-background-color{background-color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-accent-color{color:var(--accent);}:root .has-accent-background-color{background-color:var(--accent);}:root .has-global-color-8-color{color:var(--global-color-8);}:root .has-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--global-color-8);}:root .has-global-color-9-color{color:var(--global-color-9);}:root .has-global-color-9-background-color{background-color:var(--global-color-9);}:root .has-global-color-10-color{color:var(--global-color-10);}:root .has-global-color-10-background-color{background-color:var(--global-color-10);}:root .has-global-color-11-color{color:var(--global-color-11);}:root .has-global-color-11-background-color{background-color:var(--global-color-11);}body, button, input, select, textarea{font-family:Rubik, sans-serif;}h2{font-size:30px;}h1{text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.2em;}h3{font-weight:500;text-transform:capitalize;font-size:30px;}h6{font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1em;margin-bottom:13px;}h4{font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:19px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:0px;}.top-bar{background-color:#636363;color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a{color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a:hover{color:#303030;}.site-header{background-color:var(--base-2);}.main-title a,.main-title a:hover{color:var(--contrast);}.site-description{color:var(--contrast-2);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a, .main-navigation .menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:var(--contrast);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{color:var(--accent);}button.menu-toggle:hover,button.menu-toggle:focus{color:var(--contrast);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:var(--accent);}.navigation-search input[type="search"],.navigation-search input[type="search"]:active, .navigation-search input[type="search"]:focus, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.search-item.active > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items .search-item.active > a{color:var(--accent);}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:var(--base);}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .one-container .container, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .inside-page-header{background-color:var(--base-3);}.entry-title a{color:var(--contrast);}.entry-title a:hover{color:var(--contrast-2);}.entry-meta{color:var(--contrast-2);}.sidebar .widget{background-color:var(--base-3);}.footer-widgets{background-color:var(--base-3);}.site-info{background-color:var(--base-3);}input[type="text"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="number"],textarea,select{color:var(--contrast);background-color:var(--base-2);border-color:var(--base);}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,select:focus{color:var(--contrast);background-color:var(--base-2);border-color:var(--contrast-3);}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],a.button,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){color:#ffffff;background-color:#55555e;}button:hover,html input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,a.button:hover,button:focus,html input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,a.button:focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):active,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3f4047;}a.generate-back-to-top{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.4 );color:#ffffff;}a.generate-back-to-top:hover,a.generate-back-to-top:focus{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.6 );color:#ffffff;}:root{--gp-search-modal-bg-color:var(--base-3);--gp-search-modal-text-color:var(--contrast);--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}@media (max-width:768px){.main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{background:none;color:var(--contrast);}}.nav-below-header .main-navigation .inside-navigation.grid-container, .nav-above-header .main-navigation .inside-navigation.grid-container{padding:0px 20px 0px 20px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:40px;}.separate-containers .paging-navigation{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-40px;width:calc(100% + 80px);max-width:calc(100% + 80px);}.rtl .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:20px;}.rtl .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children > a{padding-right:20px;}@media (max-width:768px){.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:30px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:30px;}.inside-top-bar{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.inside-header{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.widget-area .widget{padding-top:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px;}.footer-widgets-container{padding-top:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px;}.inside-site-info{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-30px;width:calc(100% + 60px);max-width:calc(100% + 60px);}.one-container .site-main .paging-navigation{margin-bottom:20px;}}/* End cached CSS */.is-right-sidebar{width:30%;}.is-left-sidebar{width:30%;}.site-content .content-area{width:70%;}@media (max-width:768px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.sidebar-nav-mobile:not(#sticky-placeholder){display:block;}.main-navigation ul,.gen-sidebar-nav,.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation):not(.toggled) .main-nav > ul,.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation .inside-navigation > *:not(.navigation-search):not(.main-nav){display:none;}.nav-align-right .inside-navigation,.nav-align-center .inside-navigation{justify-content:space-between;}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .mobile-menu-control-wrapper{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .inside-header{flex-direction:row;text-align:left;flex-wrap:wrap;}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .header-widget,.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation{flex-basis:100%;}.nav-float-left .has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation{order:10;}} .dynamic-author-image-rounded{border-radius:100%;}.dynamic-featured-image, .dynamic-author-image{vertical-align:middle;}.one-container.blog .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child), .one-container.archive .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:0px;}.dynamic-entry-excerpt > p:last-child{margin-bottom:0px;} .gb-container.gb-tabs__item:not(.gb-tabs__item-open){display:none;}.gb-container-04da9225 > .gb-inside-container{max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-04da9225 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-25284f83{width:75%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-25284f83 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-8c11c351{text-align:right;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-8c11c351{width:25%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-8c11c351 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-ba3d87b1 > .gb-inside-container{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-ba3d87b1 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-3a29d203{color:var(--contrast);min-height:300px;}.gb-container-3a29d203 > .gb-inside-container{z-index:1;position:relative;}.gb-container-3a29d203 a, .gb-container-3a29d203 a:visited{color:var(--contrast);}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-3a29d203{width:50%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-3a29d203 > .gb-container{justify-content:flex-end;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-d0a86651{color:var(--contrast);}.gb-container-d0a86651 > .gb-inside-container{max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.gb-container-d0a86651 a{color:var(--contrast);}.gb-container-d0a86651 a:hover{color:var(--contrast);}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-d0a86651 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-847a4203{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-847a4203 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-bcbc46ac{text-align:center;border-top:3px solid var(--accent-2);}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-bcbc46ac{width:60%;flex-basis:calc(100% - 75px);}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-bcbc46ac > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-4fc67d38{width:20%;flex-basis:75px;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-4fc67d38 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-03919c55{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-03919c55 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-3ff058ae{width:33.33%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-3ff058ae > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-c551a107{width:66.66%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-c551a107 > .gb-container{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-194dc000{border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:var(--global-color-8);}.gb-container-e224c1dd{background-color:var(--base-2);}.gb-container-e224c1dd > .gb-inside-container{padding:40px 20px;max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-e224c1dd > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-4068688a{margin-top:60px;margin-bottom:60px;border-top:1px solid #5c7a99;border-bottom:1px solid #5c7a99;}.gb-container-4068688a > .gb-inside-container{padding:60px 20px;max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-4068688a > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-12d457ad > .gb-inside-container{padding:0 20px;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-12d457ad{width:32%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-12d457ad > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-68ec175a{border-right:1px solid #5c7a99;border-left:1px solid #5c7a99;}.gb-container-68ec175a > .gb-inside-container{padding:0 20px;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-68ec175a{width:36%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-68ec175a > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-47f78435 > .gb-inside-container{padding:0 20px;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-47f78435{width:32%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-47f78435 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-cc32f783 > .gb-inside-container{padding:0;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-cc32f783{width:50%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-cc32f783 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-container-b706d851 > .gb-inside-container{padding:0;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-b706d851{width:50%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-b706d851 > .gb-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper-d82504eb{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}.gb-grid-wrapper-d82504eb > .gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;}.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:flex-start;margin-left:-20px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d > .gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:20px;padding-bottom:40px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-e588d128{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;margin-left:-10px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-e588d128 > .gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:10px;padding-bottom:20px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-b3929361{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}.gb-grid-wrapper-b3929361 > .gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-bottom:10px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-d1e7a423{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:-20px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-d1e7a423 > .gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:20px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-690686fb{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;}.gb-grid-wrapper-690686fb > .gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:0px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-424f95c0{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:-30px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-424f95c0 > .gb-grid-column{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:30px;}h6.gb-headline-c66a2b1e{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;}h3.gb-headline-1032a3b9{font-size:18px;margin-bottom:5px;}div.gb-headline-897f85e5{font-size:13px;text-transform:capitalize;display:inline-block;}div.gb-headline-b9cbe678{font-size:13px;text-transform:lowercase;padding-left:1em;display:inline-block;}div.gb-headline-682093c1{font-size:13px;text-transform:capitalize;display:inline-block;}p.gb-headline-251bd4df{margin-bottom:0px;}h6.gb-headline-14dcdb64{font-size:12px;margin-bottom:8px;}h3.gb-headline-040f2ffe{font-size:15px;margin-bottom:5px;}p.gb-headline-1e50faeb{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0px;}.gb-block-image-628deb9f{margin-bottom:13px;}.gb-image-628deb9f{width:100%;height:280px;object-fit:cover;vertical-align:middle;}.gb-image-95849c3e{border-radius:50%;object-fit:cover;vertical-align:middle;}.gb-button-wrapper{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;clear:both;}.gb-button-wrapper-c617e1fe{justify-content:center;}.gb-button-wrapper-fd601b43{justify-content:center;margin-bottom:0px;}.gb-button-wrapper-b4f65930{justify-content:flex-end;}.gb-accordion__item:not(.gb-accordion__item-open) > .gb-button .gb-accordion__icon-open{display:none;}.gb-accordion__item.gb-accordion__item-open > .gb-button .gb-accordion__icon{display:none;}.gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-58025241, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-58025241:visited{font-size:15px;padding:10px;margin-right:5px;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid var(--contrast-3);background-color:var(--base-3);color:var(--contrast);text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;}.gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-58025241:hover, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-58025241:active, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-58025241:focus{background-color:var(--accent);color:var(--base-3);}.gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d:visited{font-size:15px;padding:10px 15px;margin-right:2.5px;margin-left:2.5px;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid var(--contrast-3);background-color:var(--base-3);color:var(--contrast);text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;}.gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d:hover, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d:active, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d:focus{background-color:var(--accent);color:var(--base-3);}.gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d.gb-block-is-current, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d.gb-block-is-current:hover, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d.gb-block-is-current:active, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d.gb-block-is-current:focus, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-1be5c84d.gb-block-is-current:visited{background-color:var(--accent);color:var(--base-3);}.gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-4c4c412c, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-4c4c412c:visited{font-size:15px;padding:10px;margin-left:5px;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid var(--contrast-3);background-color:var(--base-3);color:var(--contrast);text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;}.gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-4c4c412c:hover, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-4c4c412c:active, .gb-button-wrapper .gb-button-4c4c412c:focus{background-color:var(--accent);color:var(--base-3);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:14px;text-align:center;color:var(--accent-2);text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95:hover, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95:active, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95:focus{color:var(--contrast);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95 .gb-icon{line-height:0;padding-left:0.5em;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3a4a7e95 .gb-icon svg{width:1em;height:1em;fill:currentColor;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6:hover, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6:active, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6:focus{color:var(--contrast-2);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6 .gb-icon{line-height:0;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-eb98a6f6 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9:hover, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9:active, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9:focus{color:var(--contrast-2);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9 .gb-icon{line-height:0;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-ab839eb9 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38:hover, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38:active, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38:focus{color:var(--contrast-2);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38 .gb-icon{line-height:0;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5b757c38 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5:hover, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5:active, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5:focus{color:var(--contrast-2);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5 .gb-icon{line-height:0;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-981c72a5 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b:hover, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b:active, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b:focus{color:var(--contrast-2);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b .gb-icon{line-height:0;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-925f091b .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin-right:20px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9:hover, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9:active, .gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9:focus{color:var(--contrast-2);}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9 .gb-icon{line-height:0;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-e511f3e9 .gb-icon svg{width:2em;height:2em;fill:currentColor;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-373aae0d{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;margin-right:30px;text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-3cd1cf71{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;margin-right:30px;text-decoration:none;}.gb-button-wrapper a.gb-button-5e9a90f4{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;}@media (min-width: 1025px) {.gb-grid-wrapper > div.gb-grid-column-847a4203{padding-bottom:0;}}@media (max-width: 1024px) {.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d > .gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:40px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-b3929361{margin-left:-20px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-b3929361 > .gb-grid-column{padding-left:20px;}}@media (max-width: 767px) {.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-25284f83{width:100%;}.gb-container-8c11c351{text-align:left;}.gb-container-8c11c351 > .gb-inside-container{padding-bottom:40px;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-8c11c351{width:100%;}.gb-container-ba3d87b1 > .gb-inside-container{padding-top:0;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-3a29d203{width:100%;}.gb-container-d0a86651{text-align:center;}.gb-container-d0a86651 > .gb-inside-container{padding-top:40px;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-847a4203{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > div.gb-grid-column-847a4203{padding-bottom:0;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-bcbc46ac{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-4fc67d38{width:100%;}.gb-container-3ff058ae{text-align:center;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-3ff058ae{width:50%;}.gb-container-c551a107{text-align:left;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-c551a107{width:50%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-12d457ad{width:100%;}.gb-container-68ec175a{border:0px solid #5c7a99;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-68ec175a{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-47f78435{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > div.gb-grid-column-47f78435{padding-bottom:0;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-cc32f783{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > .gb-grid-column-b706d851{width:100%;}.gb-grid-wrapper > div.gb-grid-column-b706d851{padding-bottom:0;}.gb-grid-wrapper-5cbf6a7d > .gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:40px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-690686fb > .gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:40px;}.gb-grid-wrapper-424f95c0 > .gb-grid-column{padding-bottom:30px;}h4.gb-headline-9e06b5e3{text-align:left;}h6.gb-headline-14dcdb64{text-align:left;}h3.gb-headline-040f2ffe{text-align:left;}p.gb-headline-1e50faeb{text-align:center;}.gb-image-628deb9f{width:100%;height:240px;object-fit:cover;}.gb-button-wrapper-b4f65930{justify-content:center;}}.gb-container .wp-block-image img{vertical-align:middle;}.gb-grid-wrapper .wp-block-image{margin-bottom:0;}.gb-highlight{background:none;}.gb-container-link{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:99;} .lazyload[data-src]{display:none !important;}.lazyload{background-image:none !important;}.lazyload:before{background-image:none !important;}.broken_link, a.broken_link { text-decoration: line-through; }.removed_link, a.removed_link { text-decoration: line-through; }#amp-mobile-version-switcher{left:0;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:100}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a{background-color:#444;border:0;color:#eaeaea;display:block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;padding:15px 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:active,#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:focus,#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline} /* GeneratePress Site CSS */ .full-height,.full-height > .gb-inside-container { height: 100%; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .sticky-container > .gb-inside-container,.sticky-container { position: sticky; top: 80px; } #right-sidebar .inside-right-sidebar { height: 100%; } } select#wp-block-categories-1 { width: 100%; } /* End GeneratePress Site CSS */

op amp

Download Tips Tutorial

Op Amp Applications Handbook, 2005

you may like it

Last Comments