The design of the digital-analog tracking and obstacle avoidance car involves the use of both digital and analog circuits to achieve its functions. The overall design program includes the utilization of a 74HC00N NAND gate with an infrared tube to determine conduction based on the detection of infrared light by the receiver tube.

This enables the digital circuit tracing function. Additionally, an LM393 Comparator with an infrared tube is used to input two sets of signals into the comparator, achieving the analog circuit obstacle avoidance function. The car’s circuit composition includes a power supply circuit using two 5 dry cell batteries, a motor driving circuit that controls the left and right tires, and a digital signal tracking circuit that utilizes infrared transmitter and receiver tubes to detect black lines on a white background.

Schematic Circuit Tracking and Obstacle Avoidance car

Furthermore, an analog signal obstacle avoidance circuit is employed using infrared transmitter and receiver tubes to detect obstacles in front of the car, enabling steering when necessary. Overall, this design allows the car to track lines and avoid obstacles effectively. The PCB design involves setting the PCB shape, categorizing and laying out components, and wiring the PCB. After completing the schematic design, it is important to check the circuit connections and missing networks.

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The PCB shape should be determined based on the number of components and the size of the shell design, ensuring that it is aesthetically pleasing and does not interfere with the motor and tires. The component layout should be organized based on the placement of devices in each circuit module, with attention to placing the infrared alignment tubes on the edge of the board to minimize interference. The PCB wiring should consider alignment priority, power and signal line thickness, and the use of straight lines and bends.

Silkscreen markings should be added after alignment to explain the purpose of the PCB board and interface functions. During the debugging process, it is important to test for short circuits and adjust the sensitivity using an adjustable resistor. Multimeter testing can be used to measure input voltage values and ensure that the minimum operating voltage of the chip is met. If necessary, three batteries can be connected in series to meet the voltage requirements.

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1 Design requirements

Design a simple line tracking obstacle avoidance car, requires the use of digital circuits to achieve tracking function, analog circuits to achieve obstacle avoidance function.

Overall design program

According to the design requirements, the use of 74HC00N NAND gate with infrared tube, determines conduction or not by whether the receiver tube detects infrared light or not. Signal input NAND gate achieving digital circuit tracing
Using LM393 Comparator with Infrared tube also aim at determines conduction or not by whether the receiver tube detects infrared light or not.  Input two sets of signals into the comparator to achieve the analog circuit obstacle avoidance function

3 circuit composition

3.1 Power supply circuit

The use of two 5 dry cell batteries for power supply, each dry cell 1.5V, two in series is 3V, to meet the minimum power supply needs of the chip, through the three-position slide switch to achieve trajectory, obstacle avoidance function of switching. C1, C3 capacitor for the filter storage capacitor, when the motor starts to work, transient currents are large, and the 100uF capacitor can assist the battery to discharge.

3.2 Motor Driving Circuit

The positive pole of the battery is connected to the positive pole of the motor, and the negative pole is controlled to conduct through the transistor, so that when the digital tracking or analog obstacle avoidance signal is generated, the base pole of the transistor is controlled so as to realize the control of the left and right tires, and realize the tracking and obstacle avoidance functions.

3.3 Digital Signal Tracking

U2 and U3 are infrared transmitter tubes, and LED3 and LED4 bit corresponding infrared receiver tubes, which are installed on both sides of the front wheels of the car. The principle is analyzed as follows:

1. When the car starts to move when it touches the white paper, infrared light reflection, is received by the receiver tube, the receiver tube conduction, touches the black line when the infrared light is absorbed, the receiver tube cutoff;
2. 74HC00N is with the non-gate, when you touch the black line, the receiver tube cutoff, CNT1 output high level, corresponding to OUT1 output low level, OUT3 output high level;
3.  At this time, OUT3 output high level will flow through the motor transistor, control the three-stage conduction, motor rotation;

Vehicles in the map route constantly touch the black line and white line, thus constantly on and off transistor, to realize the black line around the track patrol function

3.4 Analog Signal Obstacle Avoidance

IR1 and IR2 are infrared transmitter tubes and CGQ1 and CGQ2 are the corresponding infrared receiver tubes, which are installed on both sides of the front of the vehicle. The schematic diagram is analyzed as follows:

1.  When the car is running, there is no obstacle in front of the car, the infrared transmitter signal will not be received, the receiver tube is cut off, the 393 comparator isotropic input is the battery voltage, the voltage is greater than the inverted input, at this time, the 393 comparator outputs a high level, controlling the vehicle to run forward.
2. When there is an obstacle in front of the vehicle, the infrared emitting signal is received by the receiver tube, the receiver tube conducts, the 393 comparator is low at the same input, the voltage is less than the inverted input, at this time, the 393 comparator outputs a low level, and the corresponding wheel stops running, so as to realize the steering.
3. The design of the digital-analog tracking and obstacle avoidance car involves the use of both digital and analog circuits to achieve its functions. The overall design program includes the utilization of a 74HC00N NAND gate with an infrared tube to determine conduction based on the detection of infrared light by the receiver tube. This enables the digital circuit tracing function. Additionally, an LM393 Comparator with an infrared tube is used to input two sets of signals into the comparator, achieving the analog circuit obstacle avoidance function. The car’s circuit composition includes a power supply circuit using two 5 dry cell batteries, a motor driving circuit that controls the left and right tires, and a digital signal tracking circuit that utilizes infrared transmitter and receiver tubes to detect black lines on a white background. Furthermore, an analog signal obstacle avoidance circuit is employed using infrared transmitter and receiver tubes to detect obstacles in front of the car, enabling steering when necessary. Overall, this design allows the car to track lines and avoid obstacles effectively.

4 PCB design

After completing the schematic design, first pay attention to check whether the circuit is connected to the right, whether there is a missing network is not connected to the situation. After all the checks are correct, click Design: Schematic to PCB in the menu bar at the top of the schematic to start PCB design.

4.1 Outline Design

After generating the PCB, you need to set a PCB shape, the size of the shape needs to be based on the number of components and the size of the shell design, adhering to the size of the right, beautiful principle, the project in the design of the shape, you need to take into account the position of the motor and the tires, to ensure that the tires and the PCB board will not interfere.

4.2 Component Layout

Schematic devices transferred to the PCB after the component layout is relatively chaotic, the second step in the design of PCB components need to be categorized and layout, classification is based on the placement of the devices of each circuit, the use of Jialitron EDA provides a layout transfer function can be very quickly on each circuit module layout, pay attention to the infrared alignment tube should be placed on the edge of the board, to reduce unnecessary interference.

4.3 PCB Wiring

PCB alignment is divided into top-layer alignment and bottom-layer alignment when designing a double-layer circuit board, in which the bottom-layer alignment is red by default and the bottom layer is blue, and the alignment is also connecting copper wires in the circuit board. Just select the layer in Layer and Element and then connect the pads of two identical networks. Seemingly simple connection, but also need to constantly adjust and optimize, the placement of components layout will also affect the difficulty of the alignment, in the layout of a little more consideration of the alignment will be much simpler, in the alignment to provide the following points of reference recommendations:

1. The power line is set to 40mil, the signal line is set to 10mil;
2. alignment priority to consider the top layer alignment, the top layer can not be smoothly connected to consider the bottom layer alignment;
3. GND does not need to be routed directly to the bottom layer of copper, can be;
4. The alignment process gives priority to straight lines, the need to bend places to blunt corners or arc bends;
5. After the completion of the alignment to add the appropriate silkscreen marking to explain the purpose of the PCB board and interface functions

5 Debugging Note

1. After the welding is completed, do not insert the battery first, first use the multimeter to test whether it is short-circuited by using the on-off gear;
2. When it is found that the vehicle operation can not realize the purpose, by adjusting the value of the adjustable resistor, to change the sensitivity;
3. You can test each input voltage value by multimeter, to know the corresponding voltage change more clearly;
4.  in the purchase of the chip, you need to pay attention to the 3V battery to meet the minimum operating voltage of the chip, if not, you can try to use three batteries for series connection

Download files, links, and notes

Download PCB in Gerber, PDF + Case 3D

Download

Mirror

• Buy TT motor
• Buy Obstacle Avoidance car diy kit
• PDF datasheet 74HC00N – 4 independent 2-input NAND gates
• PDF datasheet LM393 – Voltage comparator
• PDF datasheet SS8050 – NPN transistor
• PDF datasheet IR333C-A – 5mm Infrared (IR) LED
• PDF datasheet PD204-6B/L3 – 3mm Silicon PIN Photodiode
• PDF datasheet IR204C-A-L – 3mm Infrared (IR) LED
• PDF datasheet PT333-3B – 5mm Phototransistor NPN

Source: https://oshwlab.com/oshwlab/tracking-and-obstacle-avoidance-car-combining-digital-and-analog-modeling